Critical Issues Contributing to the Persistence of Poverty in our Essay

Critical Issues Contributing to the Persistence of Poverty in our Affluent Society - Essay Example know it,† which effectively withdrew critical support from women, particularly single mothers, and consequently the children they are committed to raise. Shocking as her claims seem to be, Sidel’s facts appear to concur with official statistics by research institutes and policy studies by international organizations. Sidel presents trends and data from the 1970’s to the 1980’s. However, well, into the 1990s, the trends she wrote of continue to hold. In the following table are data compiled by the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College that shows women are worse off than men in both income and asset poverty. It has also been reported that the proportion of the poor in female-headed households climbed from 1959 (17.8%) to 2005 (31.1%). The poverty rate for women-headed households is a much higher figure than other types of households. This trend has led to the development of a phenomenon termed â€Å"the feminization of poverty† by researchers. (Sawhill, 1996) It was also Sidel’s contention that in the late 1970s and 1908s, the United States had the highest poverty rate among Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. A more recent study dated 2003, the poverty rates and percentage of low-wage workers among several countries showed the same trend to persist, with the United States exhibiting the highest rates in both measures. From the foregoing table, it is verified that in the 1990s, the United States continued to register the highest rate for poverty (10.7%) and low rage workers (25%) than the other six countries mentioned by Sidel, confirming her assertion that these are due to conditions prevalent in the United States that are not present or are present to a lesser degree in the other countries. To say, however, that the persistence of poverty in the United States compared to other countries is due entirely to the plight of women and children is generalizing too much to the point of ignoring other issues.

Decision theory Essay Example for Free

Decision theory Essay How could companies use Second Life for new product or service decision making? Companies use second life which includes meeting with the sales manager, discussing about new sales techniques, building a new world where members of second life talk together about product or services and testing the new designs for new product or service before it is released to the world. Thus by taking feedback from all members companies take decisions. . How could financial companies use neural networks in Second Life to help their businesses? Neutral networks are those which involve in pattern or image recognition. This helps companies to get the required information for processing in second life. 3. How could a company such as Nike use decision support systems on Second Life to help its business? Nike uses decision support system (DSS) for information that helps to take decision. But DSS has three main models in it. They are: -Sensitivity: observe changes when variable is changed -What- if? checked what is the impact if variable changed -Goal seeking: seeking to reach goal by making changes. 4. How could an apparel company use Second Life to build a digital dashboard to monitor virtual operations? Apparel uses second life in digital dashboard to monitor virtual operations as it tracks everything in the store which includes number of customers, time spent, items purchased etc. Company also gave a special offer to the second life residents that they get promotional cards if they are shopping in inline-world apparel. Describe how the DoD is using AI to improve its operations and save lives. By using AI the DoD is able to make operations like resupply missions more efficient because human drivers and troops to protect the supply line aren’t needed. AI would also be able to perform dangerous missions without endangering troops. 2. Explain why the DoD would use an event, such as the DARPA Grand Challenge, to further technological innovation. The DARPA Grand Challenge produces lots of different ideas from diverse sources which will produce more efficient technology. The contest is also at a relatively low cost to the DoD because it would cost more than $2 million dollars to produce and test so many models on their own. 3. Describe how autonomous vehicles could be used by organizations around the world to improve business efficiency and effectiveness. If businesses were able to transport their goods without human transportation controllers it would cut costs and eliminate some of the risks from human error. 4. The Ansari X is another technological innovation competition focusing on spacecraft.

First Persian Gulf War: 1990-1991 Essay -- history

First Persian Gulf War: 1990-1991 The First Persian Gulf War between 1990 and 1991 was the most militarily efficient campaign in US history where comparatively few lives were lost. This war accomplished many goals, including that it secured the economic advantages for the â€Å"Western World†. It encouraged a free flow of natural resources, established the value of air power and superiority, and verified that a free alliance for justice will prevail over armed aggression. In the end, the United State’s goals were accomplished: Kuwait was liberated from Saddam and peace settled into the Middle East (Rayment). The Soviet Union attacked Afghanistan on December 27, 1979. This posed a threat on the United States because of their oil ties in this area. On January 23, 1980 President Jimmy Carter responded with a statement called the Carter Doctrine. In this, Carter stated that, â€Å"An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force.† (Richie, 25). Ten years later, United States officials were reminded of the Doctrine as signs of an Iraqi invasion of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein began to appear. With a portion of the world’s oil of eleven percent, this invasion would add another nine percent. Not only was this dangerous but if Iraq continued a southern advance, he would gain the oil of Saudi Arabia. Saddam could possibly control forty-six percent of the world’s oil supply and manipulate the global economy (Richie, 25). On July 17, 1990, photos from a KH-11 spy satellite showed that Iraqi military equipment was being positioned near the Kuwait border .General Colin Powell was not concerned with this advancement because the lineup did not include necessary equipment such as fuel trucks and artillery that would be needed for an invasion. Powell believed that this was just a practice exercise or a bluff because Saddam had been pressing Kuwait to lower the oil production in order to keep the prices high (Richie, 26). Kuwait was a small country that had once been part of the Ottoman Empire like Iraq. Then Kuwait had become a British Protectorate from which it had been granted its independence. Its borders had been set in a subjective manner causing it to be difficult to de... ...s pride, and possibly his life. Saddam and his troops were not the only ones to have made faults (Marshel). Had the United States carried out their task, Saddam would not have repressed his own people, violated peace agreements and worked on weapons of mass destruction (Rayment). The United States was able to keep Saddam from succeeding in his attempt to conquer the Middle East eight years ago, but they stopped when they should have pursued the most (Marshel). Without the errors that both sides had made, the present day world would have been affected in a completely different way. Works Cited Allen, Thomas B., et al. War in the Gulf. Atlanta, Georgia: Turner Pub., 1991. Bush, George. â€Å"Persian Gulf War.† Annals of American History. 3 Mar. 2004 "Desert Storm 1: 1990-1991." Gulf War. 2003. 3 Mar. 2004 . Lee, Roger A. â€Å"The Persian Gulf War (1990-1991).† The History Guy. 14 Aug. 2001. 3 Mar. 2004 Marshel, Jim. "Mistakes of the Gulf War." Unpublished essay, 13 Mar. 1998. 3 Mar. 2004 . Rayment, W. J. The Gulf War. 2004. 3 Mar. 2004 . Richie, Jason. â€Å"Persian Gulf War, 1991.† Iraq and the Fall of Saddam Hussein. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Oliver Press, 2003.

Who or What Is Responsible for the Downfall of Macbeth

â€Å"Who or what is responsible for the downfall of Macbeth† â€Å"For brave Macbeth–well he deserves that name– Disdaining fortune, with his brandish'd steel, Which smoked with bloody execution, Like valour's minion carved out his passage Till he faced the slave; Which ne'er shook hands, nor bade farewell to him,Till he unseam'd him from the nave to the chaps,And fix'd his head upon our battlements. † – Act 1 scene II â€Å"The tragedy of Macbeth† is one of William Shakespeare’s most famous plays about a man who murders his king and continues to commit other acts of villainy to secure his position of power.The broad spectrum for the downfall of Macbeth would include the three witches, Lady Macbeth and who else but Macbeth himself. For it is his own ambitious nature, insecurity and fear that drives him into creating his own ruination. Our first impression of the character Macbeth is through the words of others, the wounded sergeant wh o praises him for his valor. This is followed by Duncan’s words of praise as he refers to him as â€Å"O valiant cousin! worthy gentleman! †.However these heroic accolades do not seem to last long as our perception of his character is tainted after his meeting with the witches. Macbeth is shown to be entranced by the prophecies made by the witches and moves through a dreamlike state and seems to be â€Å"possessed† or in a trance (whether it being literal or simply an act of his own doubts this is debatable). Some may see Macbeth simply as a puppet being controlled by supernatural forces as he is twice described to be â€Å"rapt† and be quick to blame his downfall on a twisted turn of fate, or inedibility.Though the witches are held responsible for the initial inception of the idea, judging that Macbeth is one of sound mind and body, he should be strong willed enough to be able to resist temptations. In fact his inability to do so, is further echoed in ou r hearts by the comparison between his and Banquo’s reaction. After the second prophecy becomes true, Macbeth’s first thoughts turn to murder. He demonstrates his terror at having these thoughts and â€Å"horrible imaginings† enter his mind, with his heart â€Å"knocking at his ribs†. From this e can gather that Macbeth would have originally possessed the ambitious murderous nature that proceeds to take over, giving the readers a glimpse at his â€Å"darker side†. His earlier thoughts of betrayal can also be seen from his reaction to Duncan naming Malcom his successor. â€Å"Stars, hide your fires; / Let not light see my black and deep desires: / The eye wink at the hand! yet let that be, /† Macbeth is disappointed in Duncan’s choice and once again thinks about murder to gain kingship, a clear example of how his ambition begins to brew within him.Though Macbeth is ultimately responsible for his own tragedy, Shakespeare paints the role s of women in the play as evil, manipulative and ambitious, even going far enough to push past traditional female virtues to create characters that enrich the plot. Exploring the relationship between gender, masculinity and power, bringing in ideals of bravery, power, violence and force of will. A correlation between manhood and displays of violence and cruelty is also heavily implied by the characters. Throughout the play Lady Macbeth is seen as a frighteningly manipulative woman, as she constantly emasculates her husband.Knowing of his desperation to prove his manliness, she calls him a coward and insults his manliness, Macbeth falls a dumb victim to this manipulation. Many argue that since Shakespeare’s treatment of women is misogynistic, the women of this play must be held responsible as it is heavily implied that women are the cause for the bloody action of this play, however this is not the case. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are the heart of the play, as it is only thr ough their ambitious nature which drives the bloody motion in the play forward.However later on in the play, Macbeth is shown to act more willfully, shown by his improvisations on the morning of Duncan’s murder, his decision to murder Banquo and Fleance, his decision to kill Macduff’s wife and child and even acts indifferently to the news of his wife’s death. He begins to gradually isolate himself from his wife, clearly indicating how he has cut all ties with Lady Macbeth as his lust for kingship takes over and consumes him, once again acting upon his own free will.Though a man of unspeakable evil, Macbeth differs from the traditional Shakespearean villain as he is unable to completely conquer his feelings of guilt and self doubt, enabling a much more complex emotional turmoil, displaying the dramatic collapse from what he was to what he became. Throughout the play, Shakespeare brings out the ambivalent personality of Macbeth (this being particularly obvious in the early stages after certain encounters with women) as blind ambition obliterates his earlier attributes as he comes out as a tyrant.His ambitious nature has clearly lead to ill effects upon himself, as he becomes tempted with these ideals and becomes a tyrant. Throughout the play, Macbeth’s dialogue and actions showcase his overwhelming guilt (appearing in physical forms of apparitions and hallucinations). Demonstrating that Macbeth is fully aware of his wrongdoings and understands that his actions are corrupt. Despite the guilt that is driving him insane, Macbeth makes no effort in stopping his wrongdoings. â€Å"All causes shall give way:/ I am in blood Stepp'd in so far that, /should I wade no more, /Returning were as tedious as go o'er†/.Bringing out his underlying characteristics within his personality, allowing to readers to understand that his subsequent acts of murder are motivated by his fear and insecurity over loosing his kingship and of the discovery of his crimes. Macbeth demonstrates that he has a conscious and knows his thoughts are immoral and evil, â€Å"My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, / Shakes so my single state of man that function / Is smother’d in surmise; and nothing is / But what is not†. In spite of all of these , Macbeth makes no attempt to repent or reverse his situation and is therefore responsible for his own tragedy.In conclusion, Macbeth himself is responsible for his own downfall for several reasons. Though the witches’ predictions are responsible for initiating his downward spiral, Macbeth was the one who first thought about killing Duncan. Lady Macbeth’s ruthless ambition and manipulative nature influenced his thoughts, however it was Macbeth that allowed his wife to gain so much control over him, allowing her influence and putting power into her hands (though eventually cutting all ties with her and acting out of his own evilness).His ruthless ambition drives him to violence, his insecurities about his masculinity allows him to be manipulated and his lack of courage stops him from trying to reverse or resist his own tragedy. That is why, Macbeth must be solely responsible for his downfall. â€Å"Out, out, brief candle! / Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player,/That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, / And then is heard no more. / It is a tale /Told by an idiot, / full of sound and fury,? Signifying nothing. /† – Act V, scene V

Befr Case

The main problem that Nundies has been facing is that the store repurchase rate by companies has not met Nundies expectations. About 6% of stores placed additional units beyond the initial purchase. Additionally, online purchases are not used frequently. Another problem is that store personnel that sell Nundies, have not been suggesting or talking about Nundies to customers. Furthermore, the displays for Nundies seem to merge in with the other merchandise in the store, which has a big impact on sales.If the stores are not properly displaying the merchandise and the sales associates do not promote Nundies this will lead to a decrease in sales and impact the company from reordering Nundies, which affects Nundies overall sales and profits. II. SITUATION ANALYSIS Nundies is a single-use, disposable panty that sticks to the inseam of women’s leggings, athletic wear, shorts, and jeans. This product helps women maintain a degree of protection when they decide not to wear underwear. T he introduction of the new product â€Å"Nundies† by Advanced Materials Inc. s a transition from a foam fabricator manufacturing business to a proprietary medical and consumer products. Nundies is a true departure from the ordinary product offered by Advanced Materials, Inc. AMI manufacturing estimated that the labor and material costs to produce a single liner would only be $. 60. Three colors/package options would be produced including, black, buff and assorted. The liners would be packaged in a colorful 5-count plastic pillow package, which would cost about $. 45 per unite to produce. The wholesale price to retail store would be $7. 0 for each 5-count package. Moreover, manufacturer’s agent would be paid 12 percent commission on the wholesale price for each 5-count package sold. This agent is responsible to establish the distribution coverage among women’s boutique store and specialty shops for Nundies. Based on Nundies’ marketing research, womenâ€⠄¢s boutique and specialty shops account for the largest percentage of women’s underwear sales (30. 9%), followed by department stores (30. 7%), mass merchandise and warehouse club stores (29. 1%), and other retail outlets such as internet retailers (9. %). According to a nationwide research conducted by Nundies among 1,042 women between the ages of 18-49 revealed that: ? 84% of women would be interested in a product that would eliminate panty lines ? 81% of women said â€Å"yes† to the questions would u be interested in a product that provides hygiene and comfort, but is not underwear ? 22% of women had tried no undies as a solution for no visible panty lines. ? When women were asked if they would be interested in a garment-safe disposable, but no panty lines; 36% said â€Å"yes,† 49% said â€Å"maybe†.

buy custom Mcdonalds and Obesity essay

buy custom Mcdonald's and Obesity essay Summary This paper is a study of health consequences in children who over-consumes McDonalds and other products of fast-food restaurants. The study evaluates how fast-food advertisement, supply, and sale in areas with proximity to children, such as schools and play fields, increase the rates of childhood obesity. For example, it has been established that whenever a fast-food restaurant is about 100 meters from a school compound, rate of increase in childhood obesity is about 5.2 percent (Philipson Richard, 2008). However, if the fast-food restaurant is beyond 500 meters from the school compound or children playing fields, its effects on the rate of obesity in children are insignificant. Moreover, the future site of a fast-food restaurant does not in any way affect the current rate of obesity in children. The effect is noticed whenever the restaurant is operational, and there is unregulated sale of its products to children who are unaccompanied by a parent or guardian. These findings lead to the implication that if legislations restricting the establishment of fast-food restaurants near schools and play grounds are enacted, they could aid in reducing the rate of childhood obesity (Philipson Richard, 2008). The reduction would be higher if parents and guardians are keen to monitor the eating habits of their children while at home to ensure they reduce consumption of snacks rich in calories. I have carefully examined materials on the subject to enable to enable me build an argument that is easily understood. This paper uses basic and clear statements in discussing causes, effects, remedies, and future works in this area of research. Introduction Cases of childhood obesity have been widespread in North America since 1970s. During this time, fast-food industries have increased to more than double while other traditional restaurants experience a much slower growth rate. Several contributors in conferences and seminars appreciate that the unrestrained availability of Macdonald and other fast food products has largely increased rates of obesity. Policy makers in various jurisdictions have in turn restricted the availability of these high-calorie foods or required companies to post the caloric capacity that they have (Rosenheck, 2008). However, much of the evidence that link obesity and fast food is based on correlation studies, which have been conducted using limited data sets. This paper attempts to establish the causal effect that increase in fast-food supply has on childhood obesity rates. It bases the argument on the data analyzed over several years regarding the obesity rate for children and adolescent in California. The met hod used in this paper allows for an accurate recognition of the effects of McDonalds on obesity. Method Several statistics in America shows that childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels. The number of overweight children has tripled to about 15 percent over a period of 30 years. There are various reasons that are thought to have caused this rise. Among these causes, two are prominent: bad eating habits and inadequate exercising. Overconsumption of fast foods like McDonalds, coupled with insufficient physical exercise has been singled out as the major contributor to childhood obesity. Latest statistics on childhood obesity have attracted a lot of attention. Researchers have indicated that between 15 and 35 percent of people below the age of 15 has obesity (Rosenheck, 2008). Childhood obesity in California has been recognized a signficant health risk. This is after the rate of its prevalent among the young has doubled since 1980. During the same period, triple the numbers of obesity cases are being reported as compared to 1980. According to a National Health and Nutrition Examinatio n Survey (NHANES) survey that was conducted in California from 1999 to 2002, 16 percent of those below the age 19 years were found to be overweight (Schlosser Eric, 2002). The 3 in 4 respondents during the study indicated that they considered McDonalds as a primary source of food while away from home. According to the data collected by United States Department of Agriculture and NHANES, McDonalds feeds over 45 million people in America, about half of whom are children. The data indicate that while Americans spent about $ 3billion on fast foods annually in 1972, the figure had by 2010 risen to $110. Studies in California have indicated that a child sees about 6,000 McDonalds television advertisements per year. The studies also indicted that while 40 percent of American food is taken away from home, McDonalds represents 45 percent of these. Due to the numerous numbers of restaurants and advertising items, 7 in 10 children can recognize McDonalds products (Schlosser Eric, 2002). Research conducted in schools by the NHANES indicated that obese children are bullied and teased. This make them develop low esteem, and in effect, they avoid normal activities l ike sports. Such a scenario aggravates their condition. Discussion Obesity is a condition where the body accumulates excess fat. Medical practitioners make use of guidelines that have been published based on body mass index (BMI) for age in measuring obesity in children. Alternatively, a child is considered to be obese if its weight is more that 20 percent higher than the average of children of that age. Obesity has been noted to have adverse medical effects on children lives as it increases the risk of other health problems while heightening social and emotional problems. Chances are that obesity will persist till adulthood, and this may lead to more serious ailments such as stroke and heart diseases. It has been established that many children become obese as a result of poor parenting and ineffective health choices. There are various factors that lead to the intake of foods high in calorie content. These factors are socioeconomic as well as psychological. Psychological factors contribute when a child is dealing with boredom or stress as it is during these times when they tend to eat a lot. When undirected, they choose starchy and sugary food which heightens the chances of becoming diabetic. Socioeconomic factors are those that result due to inadequate income in a family. The family may then have inadequate resources and time to make good choices with regard to exercising and eating. Sometimes, such families opt for fast foods such as McDonalds in order to save time for part time jobs. These are some of the factors that have lead to increase in popularity of fast foods in recent years. Fast foods appeal to many hurried persons due to their speed of meal preparation. They offer fas ter services and tastier meals as compared to the traditional restaurants (Rosenheck, 2008). Their meals are at times cheaper than those of other restaurants thereby attracting low-income customers. There are various methods that help a parent keep their children in healthy weight range. When a parent delays solid food feeding at infancy, obesity is easilyy checked. Children should be given healthy food that is low in fat. Moreover, a child television viewing habit should be minimized as more physical exercise proves healthier. When they get older, they should be taught how to select nutritious foods and develop healthy exercising habits. There should be more concerted efforts among all stakeholders to counter increased level of advertising by fast-food stores. Competition in the media industry has lead to more advertising for less money. Therefore, media influence plays a great role in increasing the rate of obesity. Most researchers agree that family lifestyle is the major determinant of a childs weight (Janet et al, 2009). They argue that involvement of everyone during meal preparation is important in avoiding high-calorie foods. For example, a family should avoid the storage of junk foods as they appeal to children. They should also avoid rewarding children with food, especially fast foods and sugary drinks. Summary There are continuing works of research meant to analyze how parents may help their children reduce weight and avoid obesity. Most of these studies focus on child nutrition as well as their growth detailing how parents influence childrens behavior with regard to exercises and eating habits. There are evidences on the way parents assist their kids to develop and preserve healthy eating habits and physical activities. This means that they play a vital role in preventing over consumption of high-calorie foods such as McDonalds which lead to obesity and overweight. According to these studies, it is important for parents to understand and appreciate their roles in guiding their children as they undergo critical development stages from infancy to young adulthood (Davis et al 2009, p. 3). Junk and sugary fast foods and drinks need to be discouraged so that a child easily manages the levels of fat in his/her body. Policy makers, practitioners, and researchers should step in and assist parents in raising their children in a healthy manner. They should develop and publish more effective ways of intervention and organize educational programs aimed at addressing childhood obesity at home. Policy makers in particular should enact legislation managing advertisement of fast foods like McDonalds such that the information disseminated is not erroneous or misleading. Fast foods should also be required to clearly display their calorie content in a manner that enables informed decision making by the buyer (Cutler et al 2003, p. 95). There need to be enhanced school based obesity prevention programs such as campaigns aimed at restricting the sale of fast food to unaccompanied kids of school going ages. There is heightened awareness of obesity as a national problem in America as a result of news media upgrading obesity related content in their publications. Federal and state authorities have passed legislations meant to help in the fight against childhood obesity such as restricting the targeted advertisement of unhealthy meals to children. These jurisdictions have also improved sporting facilities to encourage physical practice as children grow up (Abdollah, 2007). Schools have incorporated schedules for dairy sporting events in their programs as well as initiated sessions that guide students on healthy eating habits. The results have not been immediate, but more benefits can be realized if all parties involved work aggressively towards elevating obesity in children. Buy custom Mcdonald's and Obesity essay

A History of African Slave Traders

A History of African Slave Traders During the era of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Europeans did not have the power to invade African states or kidnap African slaves at will. For the most part, the 12.5 million slaves transported across the Atlantic Ocean were purchased from African slave traders. It is a piece of the triangle trade about which there are still many critical misperceptions. Motivations for Slavery One question that many Westerners have about African slavers, is why were they willing to sell their own people? Why would they sell Africans to Europeans? The simple answer to this question is that they did not see slaves as their own people. Blackness (as an identity or marker of difference) was a preoccupation of Europeans, not Africans. There was also in this era no sense of being African. (Indeed, to this day, individuals are more likely to identify as being African rather than, say, Kenyan only after leaving Africa.) Some slaves were prisoners of, and many of these may have been seen as enemies or rivals to those who sold them. Others were people who had fallen into debt. They were different by virtue of their status (what we might think of today as their class). Slavers also kidnapped people, but again, there was no reason they would inherently see slaves as their own. Slavery as a Part of Life It might be tempting to think that African slave traders did not know how bad European plantation slavery was, but there was a lot of movement across the Atlantic. Not all traders would have known about the horrors of the Middle Passage or what life awaited slaves, but others at least had an idea. There are always people willing to ruthlessly exploit others in the quest for money and power, but the story of the African slave trade goes much further than a few bad people. Slavery and the sale of slaves, though, were parts of life. The concept of not selling slaves to willing buyers would have seemed strange to many people up until the 1800s. The goal was not to protect slaves, but to ensure that oneself and ones kin were not reduced to slaves. A Self-Replicating Cycle As the slave trade intensified in the 16 and 1700s, it also became harder not to participate in the trade in some regions of West Africa. The enormous demand for African slaves led to the formation of a few states whose economy and politics were centered around slave raiding and trading. States and political factions that participated in the trade gained access to firearms and luxury goods, which could be used to secure political support. States and communities who were not actively participating in the slave trade were increasingly at a disadvantage. The Mossi Kingdom is an example of a state that resisted the slave trade until the 1800s when it began trading in slaves as well. Opposition to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade The Mossi Kingdom was not the only African state or community to resist selling slaves to Europeans. For instance, the king of the Kongo, Afonso I, who had converted to Catholicism, tried to stop the slave of slaves to Portuguese traders. He lacked the power, however, to police the whole of his territory, and traders as well as nobles engaged in the Trans-Atlantic slave trade to gain wealth and power. Alfonso tried writing to the Portuguese king and asking him to stop Portuguese traders from engaging in the slave trade, but his plea was ignored. The Benin Empire offers a very different example. Benin sold slaves to Europeans when it was expanding and fighting many wars - which produced prisoners of war. Once the state stabilized, it stopped trading slaves, until it started to decline in the 1700s. During this period of increasing instability, the state resumed participation in the slave trade.

Social Dialect Definition and Examples

Social Dialect Definition and Examples In sociolinguistics, social dialect is a variety of speech associated with a particular social class or occupational group within a society. Also known as a sociolect,  group idiolect, and class dialect. Douglas Biber distinguishes two main kinds of dialects in linguistics: Geographic dialects are varieties associated with speakers living in a particular location, while social dialects are varieties associated with speakers belonging to a given demographic group (e.g., women versus men, or different social classes)(Dimensions of Register Variation, 1995). Examples and Observations Even though we use the term social dialect or sociolect as a label for the alignment of a set of language structures with the social position of a group in a status hierarchy, the social demarcation of language does not exist in a vacuum. Speakers are simultaneously affiliated with a number of different groups that include region, age, gender, and ethnicity, and some of these other factors may weigh heavily in the determination of the social stratification of language variation. For example, among older European-American speakers in Charleston, South Carolina, the absence of r in words such as bear and court is associated with aristocratic, high-status groups (McDavid 1948) whereas in New York City the same pattern of r-lessness is associated with working-class, low-status groups (Labov 1966). Such opposite social interpretations of the same linguistic trait over time and space point to the arbitrariness of the linguistic symbols that carry social meaning. In other words, it is not r eally the meaning of what you say that counts socially, but who you are when you say it. (Walt Wolfram, Social Varieties of American English. Language in the USA, ed. by E. Finegan. Cambridge University Press, 2004) Language and Gender Across all social groups in Western societies, women generally use more standard grammatical forms than men and so, correspondingly, men use more vernacular forms than women... [I]t is worth noting that although gender generally interacts with other social factors, such as status, class, the role of the speaker in an interaction, and the (in)formality of the context, there are cases where the gender of the speaker seems to be the most influential factor accounting for speech patterns. In some communities, a womans social status and her gender interact to reinforce differential speech patterns between women and men. In others, different factors modify one another to produce more complex patterns. But in a number of communities, for some linguistic forms, gender identity seems to be a primary factor accounting for speech variation. The gender of the speaker can override social class differences, for instance, in accounting for speech patterns. In these communities, expressing masculine or feminine identity seems to be very important. (Janet Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th ed. Routledge, 2013) Standard British English as a Sociolect The standard variety of a given language, e.g. British English, tends to be the upper-class sociolect of a given central area or regiolect. Thus Standard British English used to be the English of the upper classes (also called the Queens English or Public School English) of the Southern, more particularly, London area. (Renà © Dirven and Marjolyn Verspoor, Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics. John Benjamins, 2004) LOL-Speak When two friends created the site I Can Has Cheezburger?  in 2007, to share cat photos with funny, misspelled captions, it was a way of cheering themselves up. They probably weren’t thinking about long-term sociolinguistic implications. But seven years later, the cheezpeep community is still active online, chattering away in LOLspeak, its own distinctive variety of English. LOLspeak was meant to sound like the twisted language inside a cat’s brain, and has ended up resembling a down-South baby talk with some very strange characteristics, including deliberate misspellings (teh, ennyfing), unique verb forms (gotted, can haz), and word reduplication (fastfastfast). It can be difficult to master. One user writes that it used to take at least 10 minutes â€Å"to read adn unnerstand† a paragraph. (â€Å"Nao, it’z almost like a sekund lanjuaje.†) To a linguist, all of this sounds a lot like a sociolect: a language variety that’s spoken within a social group, like Valley Girl–influenced ValTalk or African American Vernacular English. (The word dialect, by contrast, commonly refers to a variety spoken by a geographic group- think Appalachian or Lumbee.) Over the past 20 years, online sociolects have been springing up around the world, from Jejenese in the Philippines to Ali G Language, a British lingo inspired by the Sacha Baron Cohen character. (Britt Peterson, The Linguistics of LOL. The Atlantic, October 2014) Slang as a Social Dialect If your kids are unable to differentiate among a nerd (social outcast), a dork (clumsy oaf) and a geek (a real slimeball), you might want to establish your expertise by trying these more recent (and in the process of being replaced) examples of kiduage: thicko (nice play on sicko), knob, spasmo (playground life is cruel), burgerbrain and dappo. Professor Danesi, who is author of Cool: The Signs and Meanings of Adolescence, treats kids slang as a social dialect that he calls pubilect. He reports that one 13-year-old informed him about a particular kind of geek known specifically as a leem in her school who was to be viewed as particularly odious. He was someone who just wastes oxygen. (William Safire, On Language: Kiduage. The New York Times Magazine, Oct. 8, 1995)

International Construction Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Construction Contracts - Essay Example Besides the central issue of construction, it has also dawned on me that the very legal backing behind the international engagements and more specifically the construction industry is the contractual agreements, thus the urge to understand the different aspects of construction has led me into digging deeper into the legal framework that creates the enabling environment binding both the contractor and the contracting party. Thus this study is zeroed in on international construction and international contracts. Information on these two is gathered from literature books on construction and legal books on international contracts an in depth study has also been conducted on various journal releases on construction. The study also includes information gathered orally from peers in the construction industry and though this research may not be satisfactory to all interested in the study, it will at least offer an insight into the issue. Local development has led to most companies devolving their incomes to other engagements and this has led to cross border trading and to a greater extent global trading. This has not been exceptional for construction companies which have extended their services to other countries well beyond their mother countries. This has been due to difference in technology, existence of conducive business environment and availability of liquid capital which has facilitated investment. However, engagement in foreign countries has definitely brought a need for regulatory measures which have been accorded through international contracts which bind the firms involved. A contract is a biding agreement between two firms or parties which draws expectations of each in regard to the other. (Pheng et al 2004) It is based on laws and since international agreements consist of more than one country, then there is need to consider the laws of these two countries. This again has brought in some technical aspec ts as all laws are not unanimous and each country has its own construction regulation laws as well as legal aspects that govern contracts. To overcome this discrepancy, a panel of individuals is drawn from countries with a common legal background such as the common wealth countries and they draw agreeable laws which are used in drawing a contract. These are the laws that are used to draw up international contracts and follow up a specific guideline and outline precisely the requirements and terms of the contract. In regard to the construction industry, there are certain agreed architectural and construction laws which govern international construction. (Chapman et al 2007) These must be abided by in order to ensure safety and quality for those who are subject to the constructions. This part of the research thus looks at certain aspects of the contracts specifically related to the construction industry. To ensure that this is tackled properly, the study will be divided into three parts. The first will tackle the success factors in international constructions, the second part will tackle the potential problems faced by international contractors and how these problems can be tackled and the final part discusses the future roles of international contracts. Conclusion Success factors These are factors that need to be considered before a construction engagement for they determine the success of the engagement. Project scouting This should always be the

Host family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Host family - Essay Example This was mainly due to the fact that most of the interactions that I came to experience as well as the culture of the society within which I lived was absolutely different from the one that I was used to. In fact, when one considers my experiences in the United States, one would say that it was a completely opposite from the way of life in China, my home country. When I first learnt that I my application for foreign exchange had been approved and that I was to go to Oregon, United States, I was extremely excited. This was mainly because I had never before left my home country and I was eager to experience another place which was dissimilar from home. I found out that I had been assigned a host family and while I met this news with some apprehension, since I did not know what to expect from these people, I later came to be glad that they had been selected for me. The family that I went to live with were known as the Johnsons, and they were honest and hardworking individuals who were a lso strong in their Christian faith, a fact that I found highly impressive. In my home country, where not many of the people are religious, and the latter is often discouraged, we has often heard rumour that the people in the west only professed the Christian faith yet rarely practiced it. The Johnsons, however, proved this impression to be wrong, and by their taking me into their home and treating me as one of their own, I felt like a real part of their family. Among the things that most impressed me about this family is that they had adopted a girl from China, treating her as if she was their own biological child through their provision of their love and support. Lily, the little girl, had been adopted as a baby when her parents died and she was left an orphan. Despite this tragic beginning of her life, Lily seems to have adjusted well to her new environment, to the extent of not remembering any Chinese, a fact that I learnt from my futile attempts to address her in her native lan guage. In China, I had learnt some English but while this had been the case, when I went for exchange, I could not speak it very well. Despite the language barrier between me and my host family, the latter took in stride and they often encouraged me to express myself the best way that I could through the use of my limited vocabulary. When all attempts at communicating using English failed, and it happened often, we would resort to using signs, a factor of communication that I found to be most interesting. The experience of the Johnsons when raising Lily might have helped a lot in their communication with me since after a fortnight or so; we could communicate with almost no problem at all since we had learnt each other’s speech and sign patterns. Since I went to school with the other two older Johnson children, Josh and Mary, who were close to my age and attended almost the same classes, I found it much easier to adjust to the new school environment than if I had had to go alo ne. These two, who became very close friends and my constant companions, gave me the motivation to learn my English so that I could communicate with them better. My thirst to learn might have also played a role in my wanting to better my English and in all my attempts, the Johnsons often gave me their support. Since I am a fast learner, within a few weeks of living with my host family, I could confidently express

Florida Lovebugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Florida Lovebugs - Essay Example They are easy to identify, being black with a red spot. They usually come in pairs and have eight legs. Males are relatively smaller than their mates. Two bugs spend the majority of their short lives attached to each other. They fly around that way, and even though the male eventually dies, he is not released until the female lays her eggs. This explains alternate names such as the honeymoon fly and the kissybug. Whatever one may call them, they are intriguing insects. When it is dark, lovebugs feed off of vegetation. They are a problem solely during daylight hours. They infest wooded areas more than anywhere else. They prefer to live inland, near pastures and rotting vegetation. They make matters worse for people when it rains; more of their eggs hatch, and their enormous population contributes to human aggravation. It is not that lovebugs are poisonous or unfriendly. They don't ever sting, bite, or stink, and they don't often carry disease. These insects are a type of March fly and are otherwise known as Plecia nearctica. In many ways, they are similar most other flies. The mature female lovebug's lifespan is limited to mere days. She quickly reproduces and lays eggs under rotting vegetation, off of which her larvae feed. That is when they begin to "provide a beneficial function by converting the plant material into organic components which can again be used by the growing plants" (Short). Once they are fully grown, though less than an inch long, they cause serious damage. They help plants live, but they also frustrate most with whom they cross paths. The flight of the lovebug is extremely troublesome. It lasts for four to five weeks, mostly around the months of May and September. When the temperature tops sixty-eight degrees and it is light outside, swarms are attracted to the warmth of nearby streets. Sometimes, so many end up covering one windshield that a driver must struggle to see the road ahead. They seem to be drawn to light colors, which makes it worse for light cars. Lovebugs also clog radiator fins during their flights and make cars overheat. The acid in their fatty tissue can ruin a car's finish if the mess they make is not taken care of quickly. The problems they cause are certainly expensive to fix, especially if "you don't clean your car every two days," according to News 13, Central Florida News. There are numerous other reasons for individuals to dislike lovebugs. For instance, beekeepers are unhappy with them; bees ignore flowers that flies infest. In addition, they "get into refrigeration equipment on trucks causing them to malfunction... and sometimes drivers and passengers soil their clothing by sitting on lovebugs" (Short). Handling these creatures can be tedious. The issue is so serious that sometimes carpenters will not paint if their work might be ruined by a swarm! Luckily, simple solutions are at hand. Dealing with lovebugs has become routine for many Floridians. It is useful to note that they feed on nectar, and their favorite meals include goldenrod, Brazilian pepper, and sweet clover. Avoiding these flowers in personal gardens will help to keep them at bay. However, Brazilian pepper is "public enemy No. 1 among invasive species" (Waymer), so it might help to keep a few planted nearby. It depends on personal preference. Some have attempted using insecticides to control

How will winning this scholarship help you attain your goals Essay - 1

How will winning this help you attain your goals - Scholarship Essay Example I believe that winning this scholarship will get the financial burden off me and grant me an education without giving me additional stress and tension as to where the money is coming from and how it will be paid off. As for my goals, I believe that this scholarship will change my life completely. It will give me confidence and make me feel that I deserve to get an education and that I, too, deserve to succeed and make a good life for myself. The fact that this is a merit-based scholarship will guarantee that I have indeed earned this for myself and as a serious student, I could ask for nothing better at this important time in my education. Furthermore, this may sound technical but I believe that as I have always been good at school and have participated in many extracurricular activities, this scholarship will be a sort of proof of my abilities as a student and pave for me a hopefully long and productive education at culinary

The United States government should ban gun control laws Research Paper

The United States government should ban gun control laws - Research Paper Example Watson (2005) argue that the gun politics have become a significant issue whereby many political leaders have come up with ideologies relating to possessing guns through illegal and non-illegal use. They address this issue basing on the safety of the state, but the gun politics deals with the issue of regulations, personal possessing of firearms and restriction of using guns. The issues of gun control have become the foremost debate in the United States. This is  because the proponents argue that owning guns will contribute to widespread danger whereas the opponents argue that it is one of the individual rights for self-security. Gun politics in the US has been a serious and long debate in the American politics. The debate concerning the possession of guns has been for long decades the issue. Some politicians argue that the gun control should be prohibited whereas others argue that gun control should be permissible. Those who support the US citizens from possessing the guns argue t hat it is one of the constitutional act of individual right of self-security. They argue this basing on the second Amendment of constitutional right bill that permits and protects individual rights of owning handguns. This constitution right was ratified in December 1971 together with other Bill of Rights. However, the Supreme Court ruled out the second amendment of permitting an individual to own handguns in a state for self-protection. The arguments in favor for banning the gun control laws are varied. First, the society requires reasonable gun control laws. The local and federal government enacted laws that protect and defends the property of people in the US. Thus, proponents of restrictive gun control laws argue that, by under- regulating, the law will put the state residents at unreasonable risk. This is because the community requires reasonable gun control that would not create any risk to the public. Crooker (2003) asserts that the American people may feel  unsafe in case the government allows everyone in the community to carry a gun. Although the government may ban gun control, they should prohibit ordinary citizens from using the gun in the public places such as schools, hospitals, churches and market places. The government should offer the citizens of US a right for reasonable protection from any causes of danger especially danger of using the gun. Secondly, high rates of firearm related violence and increased deaths such as homicides are behind the  need for banning the gun control. The proponents of gun control argue that the gun control should be made illegal. This is because owing personal firearms will contribute to increased crimes such as homicides and increased deaths in a state. The research report of 2011 indicated that about 47 percent of people in US own personal firearms in their houses (Watson, 2005). Thus, about 20 percent of homicides occur in many parts of the US because many families own private handguns. Therefore, banning gun control is essential because it will reduce cases of homicides, which are common in some states, in the American society. Those supporting the ban of gun control believe that by restricting gun ownership in the US state, government will be able to lessen gun related crimes such as suicide and homicides. This is because the research report indicates that gun related crimes are high in US with the majority of homicides being reported to be high followed by suicide. Watson 2005) argue that gun related

Effects of indiginsation policy on Entreprenuership in Zimbabwe Essay

Effects of indiginsation policy on Entreprenuership in Zimbabwe - Essay Example At the onset definition and common dynamics of indiginsation policy affecting entrepreneurial trends is presented. This presentation mainly includes the meaning of indiginsation from the economic perspective and the primary features of indiginsation policy influencing the entrepreneurial trends. This information will aid in understanding the fundamentals of indiginsation policy necessary for structuring the subsequent sections of this study. Next the discussion regarding the entrepreneurial trends in Zimbabwe has been outlined. This will facilitate in comprehending the prevailing the entrepreneurial trends in Zimbabwe as well as opportunities and challenges faced by the Zimbabwean entrepreneurial (Moore & et. al, 2013). Again, the discussion regarding the impacts of indiginsation policy on entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe has been conducted with the aim of exploring the pros and cons of this policy on the entrepreneurs. In addition, the discussion regarding the practical illustrations has b een presented. This information will help in acquiring coherent understanding regarding the impact of indiginsation policy on the economic growth and development of Zimbabwe. Lastly, the summary of the findings which include the summarized information of the contents discussed in the preceding sections. This section highlights the most relevant facts and information regarding the entrepreneurial trends in Zimbabwe and the impact of indiginsation policy on entrepreneurships. This will help to comprehend the most relevant facts in a precise manner. According to Kovacic & Shapiro (2000), the governments across the world have undertaken numerous policies and measures to promote economic growth and welfare of its citizens. These policies have profound impact on the various national and international aspects (Kovacic & Shapiro, 2000). In this regard, Wilson III (1990) noted that indiginsation is a strategy of a nation to extort greater domestic

The United States government should ban gun control laws Research Paper

The United States government should ban gun control laws - Research Paper Example Watson (2005) argue that the gun politics have become a significant issue whereby many political leaders have come up with ideologies relating to possessing guns through illegal and non-illegal use. They address this issue basing on the safety of the state, but the gun politics deals with the issue of regulations, personal possessing of firearms and restriction of using guns. The issues of gun control have become the foremost debate in the United States. This is  because the proponents argue that owning guns will contribute to widespread danger whereas the opponents argue that it is one of the individual rights for self-security. Gun politics in the US has been a serious and long debate in the American politics. The debate concerning the possession of guns has been for long decades the issue. Some politicians argue that the gun control should be prohibited whereas others argue that gun control should be permissible. Those who support the US citizens from possessing the guns argue t hat it is one of the constitutional act of individual right of self-security. They argue this basing on the second Amendment of constitutional right bill that permits and protects individual rights of owning handguns. This constitution right was ratified in December 1971 together with other Bill of Rights. However, the Supreme Court ruled out the second amendment of permitting an individual to own handguns in a state for self-protection. The arguments in favor for banning the gun control laws are varied. First, the society requires reasonable gun control laws. The local and federal government enacted laws that protect and defends the property of people in the US. Thus, proponents of restrictive gun control laws argue that, by under- regulating, the law will put the state residents at unreasonable risk. This is because the community requires reasonable gun control that would not create any risk to the public. Crooker (2003) asserts that the American people may feel  unsafe in case the government allows everyone in the community to carry a gun. Although the government may ban gun control, they should prohibit ordinary citizens from using the gun in the public places such as schools, hospitals, churches and market places. The government should offer the citizens of US a right for reasonable protection from any causes of danger especially danger of using the gun. Secondly, high rates of firearm related violence and increased deaths such as homicides are behind the  need for banning the gun control. The proponents of gun control argue that the gun control should be made illegal. This is because owing personal firearms will contribute to increased crimes such as homicides and increased deaths in a state. The research report of 2011 indicated that about 47 percent of people in US own personal firearms in their houses (Watson, 2005). Thus, about 20 percent of homicides occur in many parts of the US because many families own private handguns. Therefore, banning gun control is essential because it will reduce cases of homicides, which are common in some states, in the American society. Those supporting the ban of gun control believe that by restricting gun ownership in the US state, government will be able to lessen gun related crimes such as suicide and homicides. This is because the research report indicates that gun related crimes are high in US with the majority of homicides being reported to be high followed by suicide. Watson 2005) argue that gun related

Teaching in Content Area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teaching in Content Area - Essay Example It is thought however that with the use of applicable techniques and appropriate tools suited for a middle school student, teaching history to a student could be interesting. A student who is in middle school has considerably short attention span and is not used to rigorous academic lectures. Coming from primary school, their minds are still with the basics and are not yet that familiar with abstract learning such as history. In addition to this consideration, it has to be factored in also that students today are more attuned to multi-media instructional materials where they can interact with the medium compared to the traditional lectures where they sit and lesson and read history. Such, traditional approach may be boring to a middle school student of this generation. Considering this, instructional videos will be used instead of lengthy lectures to keep the students interest. Computers can also an excellent method of learning where the students can interact with the medium in the process of learning. Role playing can also be an excellent method of making history interesting to students. Also, discussion is encouraged more than lectures. integrated social studies learning is an interdisciplinary approach where two or more disciplines are taught in conscious relation to one another" (Jacobs, 1989 pg. 7) under an interdisciplinary curriculum that espouses "a knowledge view and curriculum approach that consciously applies methodology and language from more than one discipline to examine a central theme, issue, problem, topic, or experience" (p. 8). Integrated approach to learning intends to facilitate more learning by combining the various disciplines to real life situations. This type of learning transcends to a more interconnected view of the universe [where] knowledge is seen as an abstract whole to be accessed through inquiry of themes, issues, experiences, and problems (Mathison and Freeman, 1997). This approach to

Gallipoli Essay Example for Free

Gallipoli Essay A relevant idea in the film Gallipoli, produced by Peter Weir, is that war is a tragic waste of life. Weir made this idea seem relevant in the world today by using film techniques including music, dialogue and symbolism. Gallipoli is the story of a young man who went off to World War One. This particular film narrates the story of an eighteen-year-old from Western Australia who boarded a troop ship bound for Gallipoli. These soldiers fought the Turks in a campaign to capture Constantinople in 1915. It was Archy Hamilton’s sacrifices that highlighted the main idea that war was a tragic waste of life. Music is the first technique used to show us that war is a tragic waste of life, an idea that is relevant in the world today. Adagio in G Minor was a fitting sad and sombre piece. It was played along with blue lighting and visual effects such as the smoke when the soldiers crossed from Lemnos to Gallipoli. This piece of music really made me feel sad. It really helped to convey the sombre mood. The blue lighting and smoke also helped to add to the tension of the scene. This scene reminded me of animals heading off to a slaughterhouse. The superior officers acted as the humans, whilst the soldiers acted as the animals. It was these attitudes towards life and society that really helped me to understand that war is a tragic a waste of life. The officers’ attitudes showed that they did not seem to care about the soldiers’ lives or personalities. They just wanted to win the war. This idea is backed up by the dialogue between Major Barton and Colonel Robinson. â€Å"If the Turks get back in their trenches we’ll get cut to pieces! † â€Å"I still say you must go. † This attitude of the officer’s also has relevance in today’s world. There are still people out there nowadays who are so ambitious that they do not care what is in their way or who gets hurt. They are determined to reach their goal, for example a parliamentary race for election or an athlete’s fight for a champion title. Dialogue is a technique used to show us that war is a tragic waste of life, an idea that is still relevant in the world today. In the opening scenes we are shown a tracking shot of Archy sprinting and his ‘world-class’ time. This is showing us a brief snapshot of Archy’s talent. Later in the film Uncle Jack says to Archy, â€Å"You’ve got the God-given ability to be amongst our very greatest. † This piece of dialogue really conveyed to me the extent of his talent and that he could go far. This is why I was dismayed to find out that Archy was killed in action. The enemy does not care who is in the firing line or what the opposition’s personal talents are, they are just there to win the war. So not only is war a tragic waste of life, but a waste of talent too. Eric Bogle’s hit single ‘And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda’ also backed up this idea. In the song he mentioned the â€Å"wounded and maimed. † This refers to those men like Archy, who had the potential to go far but war got in the way. Their talents were wasted or never had the chance to develop, because their countries were fighting over a minor issue that could have been resolved. This idea is also relevant in the world today because everyone has the potential to do or become something great. You just have to look deep inside yourself to find it. That is why it makes me so sad to see people wasting their talent and potential over one silly and stupid mistake and then end up going to jail. Another technique used to show that war is a tragic waste of life is symbolism. Symbolism is also used to show that this idea is still relevant in the world today. One example of this would be the use of watches. We are shown a close up shot of Uncle Jack clocking Archy’s record-breaking time. Later in the film, before Archy goes over the top of the trench, we are shown him hanging up the watch along with his other meagre possessions. This shows us that it means something to him. I believe this is because it reminds him of back home, his friends and family. The watch is also a symbol of Archy’s talent and is something that brings Uncle Jack and Archy closer. I also believe that the use of watches is used to symbolise death and that death runs on it’s own clock. This idea is also relevant in the world today when people face the tragedy of cancer. We cannot control whether we will be alive tomorrow, we just have to let life run its course. It made me really sad to see the watch being hung up on the bayonet because I felt it brought me to the end. Also, when Uncle Jack is saying goodbye, he said, â€Å"Take care of it boy. This is referring to the watch. This statement reinforces Archy’s youth by using the word â€Å"boy†. It also reinforces the meaning of the watch for him. To conclude, the techniques used to show that war is a tragic waste of life are music, dialogue and symbolism. These techniques were also used to show this main idea’s relevance in today’s world. I think the world today has become smarter than the days of world wars. There will still be skirmishes, but mankind has become smart enough to know not to sacrifice everything all over again.

Effect Of Boiling On The Vitamin C Biology Essay

Effect Of Boiling On The Vitamin C Biology Essay Abstract This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of boiling on the vitamin C content of selected vegetables (bitter gourd, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, green pepper, sweet peas, long beans and tomato). Vegetables were boiled for 10 minutes. The juices of both raw and boiled vegetables were extracted and titrated with 1 cm3 of 0.1% DCPIP solution. The volume of each juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution was measured and the vitamin C content was determined. The same procedure was repeated with other types of vegetables. The statistical t-test (paired sample) showed that the vitamin C content of raw vegetables is significantly higher than that of boiled vegetables. The results support the hypothesis; boiling reduces the vitamin C content of vegetables. Cumulative word count: 135 Research and Rationale Vitamin C is needed for growth, the healings of wounds, and the repair and maintenance of cartilage, bones and teeth. It is essential in the formation of collagen, a structural protein needed in the synthesis of skin, scar tissue, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels.  [1]  The antioxidant activity of vitamin C reduces the damage caused by free radicals, which contribute to aging, cancer, heart disease and inflammatory conditions.  [2]  Vitamin C improves resistance to infection and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases by raising the level of blood high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol.  [3]  4 The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin C is approximately 90mg for men and 75mg for women.2 Vitamin C must be consumed through our diet because it is not stored in our body. Since it is water soluble, excessive amounts of vitamin C are excreted via urine.1 Deficiency in vitamin C can lead to scurvy.  [5]  Sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits and fresh vegetables.  [6]   Cumulative word count: 337 The main biologically active form of vitamin C is ascorbic acid. In this experiment, the presence of ascorbic acid is indicated by a redox dye, DCPIP (2,6-dichloroindophenol).  [7]  DCPIP reacts with ascorbic acid in a 1:1 ratio. Ascorbic acid, being a reducing agent, reduces the DCPIP, while ascorbic acid itself is oxidised to dehydroascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid DCPIP (blue) Reduced DCPIP (Colourless) Figure 1: The oxidation of ascorbic acid and reduction of DCPIP  [8]   The end-point of this DCPIP titration is when the blue colour of DCPIP disappears, forming a colourless solution which persists for 10 seconds or more.8 This method is chosen because DCPIP is less toxic. It is assumed that the vegetable tissue component which reduces the DCPIP rapidly is vitamin C. Cumulative word count: 495 Traditionally, vegetables are cooked to destroy germs, to soften the food so that it can be easily digested, to make them look attractive and to enhance the taste.  [9]  1011However, the stability of vitamin C is affected by exposure to air or light, presence of metals or heat and alkalinity. Marzena et al (2007) reported that boiling caused a reduction in vitamin C content (3.68 mg/100g in potatoes and 2.38mg/100g in carrots)  [12]  . This experiment was aimed to compare the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables, thus determining the best method of consuming them so that the intake of vitamin C is maximised. Vegetables selected are those which are eaten raw or after being boiled by Malaysians. Vegetables such as broccoli and green pepper were selected because of their high vitamin C content so that the loss of vitamin C during boiling is more significant. Furthermore, the vitamin C content of cooking water of broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and tomato were also determined to identify whether the vitamin C content was lost due to heat from boiling or leaching into the cooking water. These vegetables were chosen because they are the typical ingredients to make vegetable soup. Some people rarely eat raw vegetables.  [13]  14The results from this experiment can be used as evidence that eating fresh, raw vegetables are healthier as they contain more nutritional values. Consuming boiled vegetables may result in a lower intake of vitamin C because the water used for boiling is usually discarded. Thus, it may also be advisable to use the cooking water as a soup base to prevent wastage of vitamin C. Cumulative word count: 855 Experimental Hypothesis The vitamin C content of the raw vegetables is significantly higher than that of boiled vegetables. Null Hypothesis There is no significant difference between the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables. Variables Manipulated: State of vegetables (raw, boiled) Responding: Volume of vegetable juice needed to decolourise 1cm3 DCPIP solution Fixed: Type and concentration of vegetable juice, length of exposure to air after blending the juice, volume of 0.1% DCPIP solution, standard vitamin C solution, boiling time and amount of water used for boiling. Apparatus Test tubes, test tube rack, 500ml volumetric flask, pipette (to measure accurately to 1cm3), burette, pestle and mortar, measuring balance, glass rod, 200ml beaker, blender, a stainless steel pot and stove. Materials 0.1% DCPIP solution, vitamin C tablet, distilled water, muslin cloth and eight different types of vegetables listed in Table 5. Cumulative word count: 995 Planning A trial experiment was conducted using cabbage to determine the most suitable method of manipulating the variable. The vitamin C was extracted by blending 100g cabbage in 100ml distilled water using a commercial blender. The juice extracted was then boiled for 10 minutes. Another 100g of cabbage was boiled in 100ml cooking water for the same period of time. The boiled cabbage was blended to extract its juice. The control experiment was carried out using raw cabbage juice. Cabbage Volume of cabbage juice needed to decolourise 1 cm3 DCPIP solution (ml) Raw 9.70 Blended, then boiled 11.30 Boiled, then blended 15.75 Table 1: Results for the different methods used to determine the volume of juice needed The results show that boiling the cabbage before blending it had the most significant effect on the vitamin C content. Besides, this is the conventional way of cooking. Thus, the method of boiling before blending was used. The ratio of cabbage to cooking water to be used was identified. 100g of cabbage was added to either 100ml (1:1 ratio) or 200ml (1:2 ratios) distilled water and boiled. Cabbage Cabbage to cooking water ratio Volume of juice needed (ml) Raw 9.70 Boiled 1:1 1:2 13.65 15.85 Table 2: The volume of cabbage juice needed with respect to different cabbage to cooking water ratio Based on table 2, when a ratio of 1:1 was used, the difference in volume of juice was small. Thus, the cabbage to water ratio was changed to 1:2 so that the effect was more significant. Cumulative word count: 1251 The most suitable concentration of DCPIP solution to be used was determined. 0.1g of DCPIP was dissolved in either 100ml or 10ml distilled water. Volume of distilled water (ml) Concentration of DCPIP solution (%) Volume of cabbage juice needed (ml) Raw Boiled 100 0.1 9.7 15.7 10 1.0 34.6 54.0 Table 3: The volume of cabbage juices needed to decolourise 1 cm3 DCPIP solution with respect to different concentration of DCPIP solution DCPIP solution of concentration 0.1% was used because a smaller volume of cabbage juice is needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution. This makes the procedure easier and shortens the experimental time. Cumulative word count: 1354 Real Experimental Procedures I Preparing standard vitamin C solution A vitamin C tablet was crushed into fine powder with a pestle and mortar. 62.5mg of the vitamin C powder was weighed using a measuring balance. The powder was dissolved in a 200ml beaker by adding 10ml portions of distilled water. The solution was stirred using a glass rod. The solution was transferred into a 500ml volumetric flask. The beaker and glass rod were rinsed with successive portions of distilled water and the washings was transferred into the flask. The solution was made up to mark using a dropper. The solution is now exactly 0.125 mg of ascorbic acid per cm3 of solution. Steps 2 to 4 were repeated to prepare different concentrations of vitamin C solution listed in Table 4 using different amounts of vitamin C powder. II Preparing standard curve of vitamin C 1cm3 of 0.1% DCPIP solution was pipette into a test tube. A burette was filled with 0.125 mg cm-3 vitamin C solution. The vitamin C solution was added drop by drop into the test tube containing DCPIP solution until the blue DCPIP decolourises. The tube was shaken gently after each drop. The volume of vitamin C solution needed was measured. The procedure was repeated twice to get an average titre. Steps 1 to 4 were repeated using vitamin C solution of concentrations listed in Table 4. A standard vitamin C curve (Graph 1) was plotted based on the result. Cumulative word count: 1608 III Identifying the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables The non-edible parts of a bitter gourd were removed. 100g of bitter gourd was blended in 100ml distilled water using a commercial blender and was filtered using a muslin cloth. The volume of the freshly extracted vegetable juice needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution was determined using steps 1 to 4 in Experiment II. 100g of bitter guard was boiled for 10 minutes in 200ml boiling water using a 5-inch-deep stainless steel pot. After 10 minutes, the boiled bitter gourd was immediately removed from the cooking water and cooled by immersing in an ice-cold water bath for 5 minutes. Steps 2 and 3 were repeated using the boiled vegetables. This experiment was repeated with the other vegetables listed in Table 5. The vitamin C content of all vegetables was calculated using the standard vitamin C curve. The data of volume needed and vitamin C content were tabulated. A graph of vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables was plotted. A t-test was used to statistically analyse the data. IV Identifying how vitamin C is loss The cooking water of broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and tomato was collected. 200ml distilled water was added to the cooking water. It was cooled by immersing in an ice-cold water bath for 5 minutes. Steps 1 to 4 in Experiment II and steps 8 and 9 in Experiment III were repeated using the cooking water. The difference between vitamin C content of vegetables before and after boiling (inclusive of its cooking water) was calculated. A graph of vitamin C content of cooking water was plotted. Cumulative word count: 1895 Safety Precautions Heat resistant gloves were worn when dealing with boiled vegetables. Laboratory coat and goggles were worn to prevent the DCPIP solution and vitamin C solution or vegetable juices from staining the clothes or skin, or getting into the eyes. All glasswares such as test tubes, pipette and beakers were handled with extra care since the apparatus could break easily and cause injury. When using the burette, care must be taken to ensure that no air bubbles were trapped at the jet which may affect the accuracy of the titre. Cumulative word count: 1990 Results I Preparing standard vitamin C solution Mass of vitamin C powder (mg) Concentration of Vitamin C solution (mg cm-3) Volume of vitamin C solution (ml) 1 2 3 Average 62.5 0.125 10.30 10.20 10.20 10.20 125.0 0.250 5.20 5.20 5.15 5.20 187.5 0.375 4.00 4.05 4.00 4.00 250.0 0.500 2.90 3.00 3.00 3.00 312.5 0.625 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 375.0 0.750 1.40 1.35 1.50 1.40 Table 4: The mass of vitamin C powder needed for serial dilution and the volume of vitamin C solution needed to decolourise 1 cm3 DCPIP solution Cumulative word count: 2082 II Standard Vitamin C curve Cumulative word count: 2133Graph 1: Graph of volume of vitamin C solution needed to decolourise 1 cm3 of 0.1% DCPIP solution against concentration of Vitamin C III Calculating the vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables From graph 1, vitamin C solution is needed to decolourise 1 cm3 0.1% DCPIP solution. Using the formula: where v = Volume of vitamin C solution needed to decolourise the DCPIP solution c = concentration of vitamin C solution k = constant It can be derived that: Thus, the vitamin C content of vegetables, c can be calculated by: Cumulative word count: 2219 Types of vegetables Volume needed to decolourise 1cm3 0.1% DCPIP solution (ml) Raw vegetables Boiled Vegetables 1 2 3 Average 1 2 3 Average Bitter gourd 2.40 2.55 2.45 2.50 4.20 4.05 4.10 4.10 Broccoli 4.25 4.20 4.15 4.20 6.20 6.15 6.20 6.20 Cabbage 9.70 9.55 9.60 9.60 15.60 15.80 15.75 15.70 Cauliflower 2.85 2.85 2.65 2.80 3.65 3.65 3.75 3.70 Green pepper 1.20 1.05 1.30 1.20 3.50 3.40 3.60 3.50 Sweet peas 4.25 4.40 4.25 4.30 9.00 9.00 8.80 8.90 Long beans 13.00 13.00 12.90 13.00 21.00 21.20 20.90 21.00 Tomato 0.55 0.70 0.60 0.60 1.85 2.00 1.90 1.90 Table 5: Volume of juices needed for different types of raw and boiled vegetables Types of vegetables Vitamin C content (mg cm-3) Raw vegetables Boiled Vegetables Bitter gourd Broccoli Cabbage Cauliflower Green pepper Sweet peas Long beans Tomato Cumulative word count: 2387Table 6: Vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables Cumulative word count: 2430Figure 2: Bar chart of vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables IV Identifying how vitamin C is loss Cooking water Volume needed to decolourise 1cm3 0.1% DCPIP solution (ml) Vitamin C content (mg cm-3) 1 2 3 Average Broccoli 13.20 13.00 13.15 13.10 Cabbage 15.20 15.20 15.00 15.10 Cauliflower 15.70 15.85 15.80 15.80 Tomato 9.45 9.50 9.50 9.50 Table 7: The vitamin C content of cooking water Types of Vegetables Vitamin C content (mg cm-3) Before boiling After boiling Difference = Before After (Raw Total) Raw Boiled Cooking water Total (Boiled + Cooking water) Broccoli 0.4277 -0.0009 Cabbage 0.2335 0.0460 Cauliflower 0.6004 -0.0425 Tomato 1.1369 -1.8631 Cumulative word count: 2553Table 8: Difference in total vitamin C content before and after boiling Cumulative word count: 2598Figure 3: Bar chart of vitamin C content of cooking water Statistical Analysis The paired sample t-test was used to analyse the data. Types of vegetables Vitamin C content (mg cm-3) Difference, d = Raw Boiled Raw Boiled Bitter gourd 0.7200 0.4390 0.2810 Broccoli 0.4286 0.2903 0.1383 Cabbage 0.1875 0.1146 0.0729 Cauliflower 0.6429 0.4865 0.1564 Green pepper 1.5000 0.5143 0.9857 Sweet peas 0.4186 0.2022 0.2164 Long beans 0.1385 0.0857 0.0528 Tomato 3.0000 0.9474 2.0526 Table 7: Difference in vitamin C content of raw and boiled vegetables Cumulative word count: 2735The calculated t-value (2.005) shows it is significant whereby it exceeds the tabulated t-value, which is 1.895 (p Data Analysis The vitamin C content of raw vegetables is on average 0.4945 mg cm-3 higher than that of boiled vegetables. The percentage loss of vitamin C during boiling is 56.22%. Error bars displayed on Figure 2 represent the overall distribution of the data. Upper error bar for boiled vegetables does not overlap the range of value within error bar of raw vegetables. Thus, these two vitamin C content values differ significantly. Figure 2 shows that raw vegetables have higher vitamin C content than boiled vegetables, suggesting that it is best to eat raw vegetables rather than those boiled. Nevertheless, if vegetables were to be boiled, it is advisable to serve the vegetables with the cooking water since vitamin C is found in the cooking water after boiling (Figure 3). Cumulative word count: 2865 Boiling breaks down the cell wall of vegetables, causing their permeability to increase. Vitamin C, being water-soluble, leaches into the cooking water. This agrees with the data in Table 7 as vitamin C is found in the cooking water after boiling. The vitamin C is lost as the cooking water is discarded.  [15]   The reduction in vitamin C content of vegetables (including their cooking water) after boiling as shown in Table 8 agrees with the suggestion that vitamin C is lost due to thermal degradation.  [16]  17The high temperature of boiling water increases the rate of oxidation of L-ascorbic acid to L-dehydroascorbic acid. L-dehydroascorbic acid, being unstable, tends to undergo hydrolysis to form diketogulonic acid, a physiologically inactive compound. This suggests that heat produced during boiling can cause vitamin loss. Figure 4: The destruction of vitamin C  [18]   Burg Fraile (1995) reported that vitamin C can also be destroyed by enzymatic destruction and enzyme thermal deactivation reactions during home cooking.  [19]  20 Cumulative word count: 3123 However, the results differ for cabbage. Unlike the other three vegetables, the total vitamin C content of cabbage after boiling is 0.0460 mg cm-3 higher than that of raw cabbage. This may be due to the more complete extraction of juice as the cabbage tissue is softer after boiling. The results of my investigation are supported by a previous investigation by Podsedek A. et al (2007) on two varieties of red cabbage Koda and Kissendrup. The vitamin C content of vegetables decreased after boiling.  [21]   Cooking method Cooking time (min) Vegetable: water (g/ml) Koda Kissendrup Vitamin C content (mg/100g) Raw cabbage 72.56 62.00 In boiling water 20 1:2 23.74 26.77 20 1:1 33.61 38.36 10 1:1 31.74 38.72 Table 8: The effect of boiling on the vitamin C content of red cabbage Moreover, Carol Reiss (1993) reported an average of 21.75mg/100g ascorbic acid in the cooking water after boiling a cabbage. This agrees with my results that vitamin C is present in the cooking water after boiling.  [22]   Cumulative word count: 3360 Evaluation The tube was shaken gently and consistently during each experiment after each drop of vitamin C solution to allow rapid diffusion of vitamin C throughout the DCPIP solution. Shaking the tube too vigorously may cause oxygen from air to dissolve and oxidise the reduced DCPIP solution, restoring the blue colour. Then, an increased volume of vegetable juice may be needed. All vegetable juices, as well as those boiled, should be titrated with the DCPIP solution once they have been extracted because vitamin C is easily destroyed by the atmospheric oxygen via oxidation. The DCPIP solution must be freshly prepared on the day of experiment. The DCPIP solution was filtered to avoid any impurities suspending at the bottom of test tube. Similarly, the vegetable juice was filtered to remove the vegetable pulp which may clog the burette tap. The non-edible parts and damaged leaf or stem of the vegetable samples were removed. Vegetables were cut into small cubes of about the same size so that the surface area exposed to the cooking water is constant. They were added into the pot only after the water starts boiling to keep the boiling temperature and duration constant. A stainless steel pot was used as ordinary pots may have transition metals which may oxidise the ascorbic acid. Before starting the experiment, a rough titration was run to determine the exact colour change at the end point. For cauliflower, the colour may change from blue to pale yellow, which is the colour of the cauliflower juice. [Appendix] To minimise inaccuracy, the procedure was repeated to get an average titre. Eight types of vegetables were sampled to obtain enough replicates to support the hypothesis. A burette and pipette were used because of their high accuracy. Burette readings are accurate to 0.05cm3. Since two readings are taken, there is a combined error of  ± 0.1cm3. If the titre is 20.00cm3, the possible error due to apparatus is 0.5%. Cumulative word count: 3682 Limitations in this experiment include the ripeness, place of origin, storage and handling conditions of the vegetables.  [23]  The season of year and time of day from which the vegetables were picked were uncontrollable. They were bought from a hypermarket and were chosen based on their appearance such as colour and degree of damage. Modifications include repeating the experiment using other types of vegetables such as potatoes and carrots. Boiling may have different effects on different varieties of vegetables as their nutritional contents vary. Using only eight types of vegetables may give a wrong representation on the effect of boiling on the vitamin C content of all vegetables. The experiment can also be modified to investigate the effect of other cooking methods like deep-frying, steaming and microwave cooking on the vitamin C content of vegetables thus determining the best cooking method which results in minimal vitamin C loss. To ensure complete extraction of ascorbic acid, the vegetables can be blended with 5% metaphosphoric acid. This acid inactivates the enzyme ascorbic acid oxidase (an enzyme present in many plant tissue) which catalyses the oxidation of ascorbic acid when the cell components of a vegetable is mixed during blending.  [24]  25 Conclusion Boiling significantly reduces the vitamin C content of vegetables (by 56.22%). The vitamin C content of raw vegetable is significantly higher than that of boiled vegetable. Cumulative word count: 3947 Source Evaluation Source 4 is a published book with ten contributors. Hence, the information provided is reliable and factual unless it has become out-dated since it was published in 1993. Source 5 (The Star) is Malaysias most widely-read English-language daily. One of its pullouts, Fit for Life, provides up-to-date articles on diet and nutrition. Therefore, the information can be trusted. ScienceDirect (Source 10) offers more than 2,500 peer-reviewed journals and more than nine million full-text articles. EBSCO (Source 11) provides online information databases and has a renewal rate of 99.6%. Thus, these online-journal sources are trustable. Source 12 is a website produced by the National Library of Medicine, a part of the National Institutes of Health. It shares extensive information on over 800 diseases and health conditions, and is reviewed at least every 6 months. Thus, it should be reliable. Cumulative word count: 4087 Appendix Figure 2: The colour change at end point for cauliflower Cumulative word count: 4098

Global Positioning System Essay -- Navigation Technology Essays

Global Positioning System Wouldn’t it be great if you could be sure that you would never be lost again? That you would know exactly where you were at all times, whether at land, air, or sea. Well, that is possible with modern technology. More specifically, that is possible with the help of GPS, the Global Positioning System. GPS is a navigational tool that has recently become extremely popular because of it wide range of uses. Whether you are a fisherman or an avid traveler, you could find some use for GPS. And with GPS becoming more and more affordable, it won’t belong until everyone is using it. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was developed by the US Department of Defense in hopes of providing the military with a precise form of worldwide positioning. This twelve billion dollar project resulted in the creation of 24 satellites, each with its own base station, that orbit the Earth. Using these satellites, the GPS is able to pinpoint positions accurate to the nearest meter, or sometimes even centimeter. Needless to say, this system has changed the face of modern day navigational techniques. So, how does it work? The basic concept behind understanding GPS is a technique called â€Å"triangulating.† By using this technique, we can pinpoint any place on Earth by using only three different satellites. More specifically, we would want to use our distance from these three satellites. Hypothetically speaking, say we measured our distance from one satellite to be 10,000 miles. Our position would be narrowed down to a point on the surface of a sphere, centered on the satellite, with a radius of 10,000 miles. Now, say that the next measurement is 11,000 miles from another satellite and we imagine a similar sphere.... ...ave some problems that have yet to be worked out. GPS is constantly being tweaked and improved. With innovations such as Differential GPS, this technology has a very promising outlook. Don’t be surprised if you find yourself using GPS in some form in the very near future. Works Cited How GPS Works: An Introduction: http://vancouver-webpages.com/peter/gpswork.txt Global Positioning system overview, Dana, Peter. H. http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps.html 1994 GPS Tutor – Introduction, http://www.mercat.com/QUEST/Intro.htm 1998 GPS Tutor – Error, http://www.mercat.com/QUEST/Error.htm 1998 Trimble – All About GPS: www.trimble.com

Do Not Resuscitate Legal and Ethical Issues Essay

Introduction DNR, Do Not Resuscitate, is an order that alerts medical professionals not to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR, on an individual. CPR consists of life saving methods such as procedures that can involve mouth to mouth resuscitation to using a defibrillator, intubation, and using cardio tonic drugs to bring the patient back to life. DNR orders is a legal document that has been sustained by the individual or proxy, typically is for patients that are seriously ill or may be terminally ill, preventing aggressive efforts to bring them back to life. DNR enables a person to exercise their right to autonomy, to make decisions about their healthcare in case they are unable to do so in the future. In this paper I will be analyzing the requirements of New Jersey’s DNR. Secondly I will be identifying the requirements of three hospitals DNR’s in New Jersey. The three hospitals will be Jersey City Medical center, St. Joseph’s Hospital, and Hackensack Medical Center; I will examine the differences and similarities between the three hospital DNR requirements and address the following: what they are and which one should be followed. Lastly the paper will explain how a DNR is applied if a patient is under hospice care and the EMT’s are called. Requirements for New Jersey Do Not Resuscitate Orders State of N.J. www.state.nj.us/health/ems/dnr_introduction.shtml This is the State of New Jersey Department of Health website. This website contains the requirements for the state of N.J. This also contains information of the guidelines for  physicians, policies for EMS personal, and Do Not Resuscitate brochure. This web site is valuable for the research paper in the understanding of the states requirments and policies. New Jersey Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) http://www.njha.com/media/33214/DNRGuidelines.pdf. This website provides the state’s education for guidelines for health care professional, patients and their families. This also contains important information about the DNR background and history to further understand the requirements. The website also includes physician guidelines, EMS policy, how to get a valid out of hospital DNR, bracelet guidelines, and an educational brochure for family members. The website will allow me to identify the requirements of New Jersey’s DNR policy and also provides tools for the patient and their family. DNR’s Advanced Directives-NJ http://www.njha.com/media/33214/DNRGuidelines.pdf. This website is the NJ Hospice and Palliative Care Organization; this will enrich my knowledge about hospice care, DNR orders, Advanced Directives, and living wills. Duke, G., Thompson, S., & Hastie, M. (2007). Factors influencing completion of advanced directives in hospitalized patients. International Journal Of Palliative Nursing, 13(1), 39-43 This was retrieved form the Ashford library; this is a journal article that discusses the completion of DNR forms and the importance in protecting the patient’s right in making decisions for end of life care. The article gives important in formation about DNR and also describes assessment tools that are used to better educate the patient. Advanced Directives- Jersey City Medical Center https://www.libertyhealth.org/pdf/LibertyHealth_Advance_Directive.pdf St Joseph’s Health care- https://www.stjosephshealth.org/patients-and-families/your-hospital-stay-information/24-your-hospital-stay-information Advanced Directives-Hackensack Medical Center http://www.hackensackumc.org/assets/1/7/advdirectives.pdf. This is the Jersey City Medical Center’s, St. Joseph’s Hospital’s, and Hackensack Universities advance directive information and DNR forms. They provide education for the patient and or families. This will provide me the information to examine the differences and similarities between the states and the three hospitals DNR requirements to address the following questions:  what are they and which one should be followed. DNR is applied under hospice care and EMT’s are called Do Not Resuscitate Orders State of N.J. www.state.nj.us/health/ems/dnr_introduction.shtml This website provides information on how a DNR is applied if patients are under hospice care and the EMT’s have been called. This will be very important in the research paper. Providing information and ethic realization to issues when DNR guidelines and a call for emergent services on a hospice patient. This is the State of New Jersey Department of Health website. This website contains the information how DNR is applied if a patient is under hospice care and EMT’s are called. From researching the information provided this will greatly help me explain and understand the issues involving DNR document and a call for to the EMT’s to provide help. Van Leuven, K. (2012). Advanced care planning in health service users. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 21(21/22), 3126-3133. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04190.x This was retrie ved form Ashford University Library; this journal article provides information of advanced directives and DNR orders. This is critical to my research paper, it will help me to understand and analysis various situations such as EMT’s being called with a patient that has a DNR. Croke, E., & Daguro, P. (2005). Liability for the health care provider: non-implementation of patients’ advanced directives. Journal Of Legal Nurse Consulting, 16(2), 19-24. This was also retrieved form Ashford Universities library, the journal artical explains how a DNR should be kept with a patient and should also be kept in the patient’s permanent medical record. DNR orders should be honored by health care professional including EMT’s. The information also explains that a living will is not a DNR and that a bracelet is one of the best ways for EMT’s to recognize a patient’s wishes. Taghavi, M., Simon, A., Kappus, S., Meyer, N., Lassen, C., Klier, T., & †¦ Wiese, C. (2012). Paramedic’s experiences and expectations concerning advance directives: A prospective, questionnaire-based, bi-centre study. Palliative Medicine, 26(7), 908-916. doi:10.1177/0269216311419885 This was also retrieved form the Ashford library; it is a questionnaire based investigation from the EMT’s perspective. It explains their concerns for improved guidelines on end of life decisions and to not provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation in palliative care patients.

Top 3 Leading Telecom Providers in the Philippines

Smart Communications, Inc. (Smart) Background Smart Communications, Inc. (Smart) is the Philippines' leading wireless services provider with 52. 1 million subscribers on its GSM network as of end-September 2012. Smart has built a reputation for innovation, having introduced world-first wireless offerings such as Smart Money, Smart Load, Smart Padala, the Netphone, and Smart LTE—the world’s first multi-band LTE service.Smart also offers 3G and HSPA+ services, while its satellite service, Smart Link, provides communications to the global maritime industry. Smart Broadband, Inc. , a wholly-owned subsidiary, offers a wireless broadband service, Smart Broadband, with 1. 69 million subscribers as of end-September 2012. Smart is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Philippines' leading telecommunications carrier, the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company. Programs Globe Telecom Inc. BackgroundGlobe Business is the corporate arm of Globe Telecom, the leading mobile telecommuni cations company in the Philippines. Globe Business provides wireless and wireline solutions for a diverse set of industries, businesses, and commercial enterprises. We assure affordable, reliable, and dependable services for all your communication needs. At Globe Business, we provide you solutions that fit. Globe Telecom has a very established history in telecommunications for both consumers and businesses.A pioneer in mobile telecommunications, Globe Telecom seeks to create and deliver products and services that bring customers closer to their aspirations, and connect them with the people and events that matter to them the most. Globe Telecom caters to more than 25 million people, along with 650,000 wireline and broadband users. The company also counts 100,000 businesses among its clients. Globe Business offers you wireless and wireline solutions that address all your company needs, ensuring your enterprise the highest possible profit for the lowest possible cost.